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Richard 1610-1676 > ... > Jonathan 1830-1913 > Alvin > Jack > Stephen     |

Comparison with tests by Oxford geneticist Bryan Sykes shows that we are related to a majority of Sikes in the U.K. including Bryan and Sir Richard, former chairman of GlaxoSmithKline.

Sponsored by the Sikes/Sykes Families Association						DYS # for marker (allele value = # of repeats shown below)																									H
						3	3	1	3	3	3	4	3	4	3	3	3	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	a
Earliest Known Ancestor	2nd Generation	3rd Generation	4th Generation	gens- to Rich- ard	dist- ance from us [1]	9	9	9	9	8	8	2	8	3	8	9	8	5	5	5	5	5	4	3	4	4	6	6	6	6	p
						3	0		1	5	5	6	8	9	9	2	9	8	9	9	5	4	7	7	8	9	4	4	4	4	l
										a	b				i		ii		a	b							a	b	c	d	o
Richard Sikes bc 1600 England	Increase b 1644 MA	Nathaniel b 1673 MA	Nathaniel	10	us	14	23	15	11	11	14	12	12	14	13	14	29	18	8	9	11	11	25	15	19	28	14	15	17	17	R1b1
			Joseph	9	3	14	23	15	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	14	29	18	8	9	11	11	25	15	19	28	14	15	17	18	R1b1
			?	10	4	14	23	15	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	14	29	18	8	9	11	11	25	15	19	29	14	15	17	18	R1b1
	Victory b 1649 MA	Jonathan b 1675 MA	Jonathan	9	2	14	23	15	11	11	14	12	12	14	13	15	29	18	8	9	11	11	25	15	19	28	14	15	17	18	R1b1
		Samuel b 1680 MA	Victory	9	8	14	23	15	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	15	29	18	8	9	11	11	25	15	19	28	14	14	15	15	R1b1c
		Victory b 1689 MA	Titus	9	2	14	23	15	11	11	14	12	12	14	13	15	29	18	8	9	11	11	25	15	19	28	14	15	17	18	R1b1c
			Titus	9	3	14	23	15	11	11	14	12	12	13	13	15	29	18	8	9	11	11	25	15	19	28	14	15	17	18
Thomas Sykes	George b 1822 Yorkshire	John b 1853 Cheshire		9	3	14	23	15	12	11	14	12	12	13	13	14	29	18	8	9	11	11	25	15	19	28	14	15	17	18
English Sykes' (21) [2]		Bryan Sykes and a plurality of those tested in his 1999 research described below. [2]				14	23	15	11	Brian initially did only 4 marker tests and has not shared the results of subsequent tests.
English Sykes' (3)		Other Sykes' with different markers, can be attributed to non-paternity events (name change, adoption,...) or from other original Sykes'. The (n) is the number of Sykes from a test group of 48 English Sykes' tested by Bryan Sykes. See [3] below.				13	26	15	11
English Sykes' (5)						13	24	14	11
English Sykes' (3)						14	23	15	10
Other Sikes who immigrated to the southeastern U.S., but are not related.			Num. Tested a/o 4/2007	Gens to 1st known	dist- ance from us
John Sikes	Walter bc 1645 VA	James bc 1676 VA	11	10	29	13	26	15	11	11	11	12	12	10	13	11	30	15	9	9	11	11	24	14	20	31	12	15	15	15
Sikes to NC	Arthur bc 1794 NC	William H. b 1818 TN	7	6	19	13	24	14	12	11	14	12	12	11	14	13	30	17	9	10	11	11	25	15	18	30	15	15	16	16
John Sykes	James b 1782 VA	Levi bc 1807 VA	5	7	27	13	24	17	10	11	14	12	12	10	12	11	30	16	9	9	11	11	24	14	20	30	15	15	15	15
Joseph Sikes bc 1770 SC	Jehu bc 1800 GA	John b 1829 GA	2	6	14	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	14	13	30	16	8	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	16	17	17
Joel Sykes bc 1729 VA	Joshua bc VA	?	1	?	30	14	23	15	10	14	15	11	15	11	13	12	32	15	8	9	11	11	25	14	20	28	11	14	14	15

Red DYS #s - Higher rate of mutation.
[1] Genetic Distance (25 marker test) from results for our line (Richard, Increase, Nathaniel, Nathaniel Jr., ... Johathan, Alvin, ...) represented by the first entry for Nathaniel. The sum of differences in allele values.
Distances for other pairwise tests:
25 Marker:
Jonathan & first Victory are exact matches.
Jonathan & second Victory (3rd Gen) and two Victories (3rd Gen) have a distance of 1.
37 Marker:
None with less than a distance of 2.
See DNA Genealogy Distance | DonsNotes

[2] The number in (#) is the number of Sykes from a test group of 48 English Sykes' tested by Bryan Sykes with that DYS#.

[3] In 1999, Bryan Sykes, the Oxford geneticist and author, tested 48 Sykes' in West Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cheshire counties in England. He talked about his conclusions in a 2000 article in The American Society of Human Genetics and a 2001 BBC radio special.
See Sykes Surname Origins for more information.

Bryan determined that most of the Sikes came from a common ancestor. The 50% of Sykes' who's Y chromosome resembled the normal variation of the general population can be explained by non-paternity events (name change, adoption,...) over the last 22 or more generations.

Other test results of mainly individuals without group matches are listed at the Sikes / Sykes DNA Project.

The top line in the chart represent results from one of Alvin's grandchildren. They confirm Alvin is related to Richard and also the largest family of Sykes in England, including Bryan Sykes and Sir Richard, retired chairman of GlaxoSmithKline and most likely to William del Sykes who farmed near Flockton, Yorkshire, England around 1280.
Many, probably a majority, of Sikes/Sykes in the U.S. are descended from other Sikes/Sykes immigrants who settled in the southern U.S. (NC, VA) and they are not directly related to us.

There are still three of the markers in the 25 marker DNA test for our family which have mutated thru the generations, so we need more tests from other lines to determine what Richards true values are for these and we are running out of volunteers. Several lines, like ours have daughtered out.

Our result for marker DYS392, 14 repeats, is consistent with the other test from our 7th great grandfather, Increase Sikes', descendants, while descendants of his brother, Victory, all have a 15 for this marker. So, there is a high probability that the mutation occurred with Victory, Increase or Nathaniel, our 6th great grandfather.

Marker DYS439 has different values for descendants of both Increase and Victory There are two 12's, one 13, & three 14's, so there appears to be the same mutation in multiple places.

Ann Turner, co-author of "Trace Your Roots with DNA: Use Your DNA to Complete Your Family Tree:" commented on our DYS439 results as follows:
"I'd guess at 14 for the ancestral value. It occurs in at least one line of descent from each son of Richard. But that would mean that a change from 14 to 12 occurred independently in two different lines, and a two-step difference is a little harder to swallow for parallel mutations. "

Our line and the Victory, Samuel line seem to have different mutations in 464d.

We may have to dig up some ancestors and try to extract DNA from their bones to resolve it :-) [no one has actually suggested this]. This is very difficult (Bryan Sykes research in this are is what got him started by analyzing cave man remains). Damp acidic soil in the northeast U.S. causes most remains including bones to be reduced to dark soil stains after 100 yrs.

Haplogroup:
We are also of Haplogroup R1b1. Anthropologists break down the Y-chromosome into branches called Haplogroups or clades, which distinguish major branches of Homo Sapiens. Haplogroup R1b1 is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago.
See: ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/nomenclature_system/summary.html for a report by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC).

Terms:

Allelle - The number of repeats of a sequence in a marker.
DYS - DNA Y-chromosome Segment - markers are assigned DYS numbers.
Haplo - Haplogroup Identifies the person's major population group and
   provides information about the ancient origin.
   R1b1 is the most common haplogroup in European populations.
Marker - Repeated base-pair sequences (2-5 base-pairs) at specific locations 
     along the Y chromosome.  

Links:
Our initial tests done at Family Tree DNA.
  their Turorial.
  Sykes/Sikes Family Project.
DNA Genealogy | DonsNotes

Books:
"Trace Your Roots with DNA: Use Your DNA to Complete Your Family Tree:", Megan Smolenyak, Ann Turner
Adam's Curse, Bryan Sykes